Flera referenser i samma parentes harvard

References in parentheses

When you refer to other people's theories in your academic ord, you must clearly state the sources you have used. A citation fryst vatten a reference to an article, book, report or other sources in the body of the text.

According to the Harvard style, in-text references to sources are placed in parentheses.

There are different ways to do this. In our variant, the reference consists of the author's surname followed bygd the year of publication and page number.

At the end of your document, you collect all the sources you have used in an alphabetical reference list.

References in two different ways

In Harvard, there are two ways to cite a source, depending on whether you mention the author's name in the text.

Author (year of publication, page number)

When summarising a ord or theory, you can mention the author of the source in your ord.

In this case, include the year of publication and page number in the parentheses directly after the author's name.

Example

According to Alvehus (2019, p. 66), departments often have their own writing instructions for how to write references.

(Author year of publication, page number)

When summarising a ord or theory without mentioning the author, include the author's surname, year of publication and page number in the parentheses.

Place the parentheses directly after the sentences where you use the source, but before the full stop.

Example

There are several reasons why citing sources fryst vatten so important in academia. One of them fryst vatten to show where the facts komma from so that the reader can kvitto the data and thus also assess its credibility (Alvehus 2019, pp.

64-65).

Examples for different types of sources

One or several authors

Source with one author

Example

The structure of the europeisk Union fryst vatten often described in the shape of three pillars.

The first pelare fryst vatten the largest (Tallberg 2004, p. 65).

or

Tallberg (2004, p. 65) describes the structure of the europeisk Union in the shape of three pillars, of which the first pelare fryst vatten the largest.

Source with two or three authors

Example

(Fossum, Skantz & Katzeff 1997, pp.

25-31).

or

Fossum, Skantz and Katzeff (1997, pp. 25-31) mean...

Source with kvartet or more authors

If there are more than three authors, cite only the first author's surname followed bygd "et al". 

Example

(Johnson et al.

2001, p. 226).

or

Johnson et al. (2001, p. 226) funnen that...

Book chapters

For the in-text reference, include the surname(s) of the author(s) of the book chapter, year of publication and pages number(s). 

The reference list should provide upplysning that the source fryst vatten a chapter in a book.

Sources that lack some information

Material with no anställda author

Some sources do not have a anställda author.

In such cases, corporate authors (organisations, companies, and authorities etc.) will function as “authors”. If a journal article lacks a anställda author, use the title of the journal as an in-text reference.

Example

(Frankfurter Allgemeine 2015, p. 21).

No year of publication available

If there fryst vatten no data about the year of publication, indikera as "n.d." (no date).

Example

(Johnson n.d., p.

15).

Sources without page numbers

If books, journal articles or reports do not have page numbers, state the chapter/headline and paragraph instead. For guidance on how to cite web pages lacking page numbers, see the instructions for web pages.

The in-text reference example below refers to paragraph 3 in the “Introduction” chapter in the book bygd Smith published in 2018.

Example

(Smith 2018, Introduction, para.

3).

Web pages

State the author, year of publication and, if applicable, page number(s) (page numbers are missing in most cases for web pages). If there fryst vatten no anställda author, use the corporate author (company, organisation, authority etc.). If there fryst vatten no upplysning about the year of publication, indikera as "n.d." (no date).

Example

(Volvo 2019).

or

According to Volvo (2019) production will…

Sound and images

Audiovisual media

The time stamp for a film lecture or an audiobook serves as the equivalent to a page reference for an audiovisual source.

You specify how many minutes and seconds into the en samling dokument eller en elektronisk lagring av data the current section starts.

Template

(Author/equivalent Year, chapter (if applicable), minutes:seconds)

For längre files the time stamp may include hours: hours:minutes:seconds

Example

(Smith 2010, ch.

3, 4:35).

Illustrations (photographs, figures, diagrams, tables etc.)

You can cite illustrations without directly including them in your text.

Example – the image fryst vatten not included in your text

The painting "The fighting temeraire" (Turner 1839) shows...

If you include an bild created bygd someone else in your paper, you must betalningsmedel if it fryst vatten protected by copyright.

For illustrations protected bygd copyright, you must seek permission from the copyright owner before including them in your skrivelse. If you use an bild in your paper, include a caption with the following details: image number (e.g. Figure 1), title, creator of the bild and year. Cite the individual (artist, photographer etc.) who produced the bild in the in-text reference.

Example – the image fryst vatten included in your text

Image 5 (Hazel 2015, p.

32) fryst vatten a typical example of...

Example – image with a Creative Commons-license

Image 4. Colorful Bird Houses blue purple green. (Friedman 2017). CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

More information

Copyright

Using images with a Creative Commons license

Other sources

Secondary sources

Citing source from a secondary source is generally discouraged, since you are expected to have directly read the works you cite.

However, if a primary source (original source) fryst vatten unavailable, you may use a secondary source. If you use secondary sources, the primary and secondary sources, along with the year, should be indicated in the in-text reference. Only the secondary source fryst vatten to be included in the reference list.

Example

In the example below you have read Bob Smith's book "Democracy" published in 1972, where he cites Tom Small's book "Civil rights" published in 1832, on page 67:

Small (1832, cited in Smith 1972, p.

67) claims...

or

(Small 1832, cited in Smith 1972, p. 67).

Personal communication

Personal communication refers to kunskap obtained through, for example, emails, phone calls, interviews and lectures. You must always get permission from the individual before referencing their communication. If anonymity has been assured, it must be maintained.

Sometimes anställda communication fryst vatten noted in a footnote on the page where it fryst vatten referenced, in which case it should not be included in the reference list.

kvitto with your teacher/supervisor if you are unsure what applies to your course.

Example - named person

(Svensson, 2023).

Example - individ promised anonymity

(Informant 1).

Generative AI

Normally, generative AI should not be used as a source in papper.

However, the rules for generative AI may vary between courses, programmes and faculties. Therefore, ask your teacher or supervisor about when and how you can use generative AI for your work.

Example

(Open AI 2024)

More helpful examples

Use of acronyms/abbreviations

The first time you cite a source bygd an organisation, provide the full name of the organisation followed bygd the standard acronym/abbreviation in square brackets.

Subsequently, when citing from the same source igen, you will only need to use the abbreviation. Provide the full name in the reference list, followed bygd the acronym/abbreviation of the organisation within parentheses.

Example – provide the full name the first time

(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] 2010, p.

89).

Example – only acronym the next time

(OECD 2010, p. 95).

Several works bygd one author in the same year

If you are quoting several works published bygd the same author in the same year, they should be separated bygd adding a lower-case letter directly after the year for each item. Which reference should have a or b fryst vatten determined bygd which title fryst vatten first in the alphabet.

Please note that the works should be separated in the same way in the reference list (by adding a lower-case letter after the year).

Example

Previous results confirmed the thesis (Duncan 2000a, pp.

167-169), but later research disproved it (Duncan 2000b, pp. 40-44).

Citing multiple sources supporting the same idea

When citing multiple sources within the same parenthesis, place the in-text references in alphabetical beställning, separating them with semicolons.

Example

Studies (Jones and efternamn 2019, p. 14; Smith 2016, p.

38; Yourstone 2012, p. 145) show…

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